When chemical compounds solidify they do so in distinct patterns. The specifics of the geometric pattern, or lattice work, depends upon the molecular nature of the substance. Mineralogy is the study for minerals of such structures and their composition.
Chemical composition of minerals.
Mineral study list: Apatite Biotite Calcite Dolomite Fluorite Galena Gypsum Halite Hematite Hornblende K-feldspar Muscovite Olivine Plagioclase Pyrite Pyroxene Quartz