Naming: Ketones are named using the suffix 'anone' (pronounced like the words "a known"). Aldehydes are named using the suffix 'anal,' (pronounced "Uh" "nal" like in pal).

Forming Ketones:

Oxidation of secondary alcohols:

R₁CHOHR₂ + [O] --> R₁COR₂

Reactions of Ketones:

Ketones can be reduced:

R₁COR₂ + [R] --> R₁CHOHR₂

Some of the most important reactions involve the formation C=N compounds:

Forming Aldehydes:

Oxidation of primary alcohols:

R₁CH₂OH + [O] --> R₁CHO

Reduction of carboxylic acids:

R₁COOH + [R] --> R₁CHO

Reactions of Aldehydes:

Aldehydes can be reduced to form primary alcohols, and oxidized to form carboxylic acids. As do ketones, aldehydes react with ammonia, primary and secondary amines to form C=N compounds.

Acetals, Ketals:

Both aldeydes and ketones react with alcohols to form acetals and ketals. Two alcohol molecules are involved per carbonyl group. Intermediate along the way are hemiacetals and hemiketals.

When the carbonyl and alcohol groups come from sugars (aldoses, ketoses), the bonds can be called glycosides. When they are formed from a specific sugar, say glucose, they take on the name of that sugar as in glucosides. These reactions are at the heart of carbohydrate chemistry.