Sugar is the word used to describe many chemicals called carbohydrates. Sugars taste sweet; they are water soluble, colorless, and odorless.
Sucrose, one of many substances a chemist would call a sugar, is table sugar. It is obtained from sugar cane and sugar beets. Some facts about sucrose production and refining.
See the Auburn Forestry site for a remarkable overview about sugars [local].
Diabetes is a disease involving glucose metabolism.