Recall that in the Central Dogma [local] of Molecular Biology, information flows from DNA --> RNA --> Protein (Overview [local]). This last process, the conversion of information from the RNA world into protein is termed Translation (review chapter). The major components [local] in the process of translation are RNA and protein. mRNA contains the information for producing a specific protein in its primary sequence. rRNA (the most abundant of the RNA species in the cell) combines with over fifty proteins to produce the two supramolecular complexes that form the ribosomes. The third component is the actual translator, the tRNA. This molecule forms a tertiary structure [local] that positions the anticodon that is used to read the message (the codon on mRNA) at one end, while the other end of the tRNA contains the activated amino acid residue that is used to extend the growing polypeptide chain. The remaining elements are the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzymes that are used to charge the various tRNA molecules with their specific amino acyl moieties.

The whole process of translation, while very complex, is normally divided into three phases: Initiation, Elongation and Termination. Here are some resources (1 [local], 2 [local], 3 [local]) explaining the process. Here is an animation 1 [local] of translation